IGNOU BCA 1st sem Solved Assignment -Explain the features of Object Oriented programming languages. How is object oriented programming different than that of procedural programming

Explain the features of Object Oriented programming languages. How is object oriented programming different than that of procedural programming

Ans

Some key features of the Object Oriented programming are:

·         Emphasis on data rather than procedure

·         Programs are divided into entities known as objects

·         Data Structures are designed such that they characterize objects

·         Functions that operate on data of an object are tied together in data structures

·         Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions

·         Objects communicate with each other through functions

·         New data and functions can be easily added whenever necessary

·         Follows bottom up design in program design 

The key feature is abstraction: you concentrate in identifying the 'objects' that act in your business model, and the relations among objects.

Each object maintains its internal state exposing the 'methods' (actions) that you can call to change the state of the object.

The object itself can relate to other objects just calling the methods the provide the actions needed.

So you can implement a 'car' without the need to understand its internals: you can just 'ask' the car to start (e.g. car->start ()).

Another key feature is inheritance: you can abstract common features and behaviours into more generic objects, from which more detailed objects derive their characteristics.

For example, you can define the concept of 'vehicle' with some common methods (start, stop, ...), and derive from it the car, the bike, the truck, etc.

There is more to say, but this is a top level view of the approach to OO programming.

Procedural vs Object Oriented Programming

Procedural programming creates a step by step program that guides the application through a sequence of instructions. Each instruction is executed in order. Procedural programming also focuses on the idea that all algorithms are executed with functions and data that the programmer has access to and is able to change. Object-Oriented programming is much more similar to the way the real world works; it is analogous to the human brain. Each program is made up of many entities called objects. Objects become the fundamental units and have behavior, or a specific purpose, associated with them. Objects cannot directly access another object’s data. Instead, a message must be sent requesting the data, just like people must ask one another for information; we cannot see inside each other’s heads. Benefits of Object-Oriented programming include: 

·         ability to simulate real-world event much more effectively

·         code is reusable thus less code may have to be written

·         data becomes active

·         better able to create GUI (graphical user interface) applications

·         programmers are able to reach their goals faster

·         Programmers are able to produce faster, more accurate and better-written applications (in the case of a veteran programmer, by a factor of as much as 20 times compared with a procedural program).

lass=M, � r a � �4 tyle='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"; color:windowtext'>features of the MICR

The MICR driver provides additional security to the end user if they require it. The printer's firmware has MICR security and related MICR features. The driver has MICR related security feature selections. The following are the main features of the driver:

• The driver is a variant of the standard PCL driver. It has all the features of the standard PCL driver, plus the MICR features.

• The driver installation is independent from the standard PCL driver, and will not interfere with the installation of the standard PCL driver.

• During installation, the printer will show: "TallyGenicom 9035 MICR (PCL)"

• At print time, the driver will query the printer to see if a MICR Toner Cartridge is installed:

• If no MICR Toner Cartridge is installed, the printer will print without MICR resource usage (MICR tab does not appear).

• If the MICR Toner Cartridge is installed, the dialog box will prompt the user for a password (MICR tab will appear). A valid password allows the user to print with access to MICR resources.

• The driver will then query the printer to see if a valid password has been entered.

• If the password is invalid, it will ask the user again for valid password. If it is still invalid, the user can only print in standard mode.

• Use of the MICR driver requires the use of the MICR fonts resident in the printer.

• The driver is compatible with Windows XP and Windows 2000

features of the Net book

Processor

The processor is the main brain of your netbook and performs all the calculations your netbook makes every second. The ones used in netbooks are usually designed specifically for mobile devices, aiming to give you more computing power while using less battery power. 

Many netbooks use Intel's Atom chips or AMD's C-Series but whatever the exact version you'll normally find a dual-core processor designed for use in netbooks. Though they are perfectly capable of powering your netbook you won't find more powerful quad-core processors here.

Memory (Ram)

Ram (random access memory) is your laptop's short-term memory. It's used to store information while you're using the laptop (the hard drive is used for long-term file storage). Consequently, the amount of Ram your laptop has determines how many different tasks it can accomplish simultaneously.

Netbooks come with less Ram than you'll find on even a cheap laptop. Aim for 2GB if you can, though some models only come with 1GB. 

Battery life

You're likely to have bought a netbook to be able to use it on the move so battery life is important. Netbook batteries are lasting longer, and you can expect the best of them to last around six to eight hours. Using the netbook's wireless connection will drain the battery more quickly than day-to-day office tasks. 

If battery life is particularly important to you, check whether the netbook manufacturer offers a long-life battery for your chosen model.

Keyboard

Unsurprisingly, a netbook’s keyboard is even smaller than the ones that come with a laptop. And, of course, the smaller the netbook, the smaller the keyboard. 

Because of the limited amount of space available on a netbook, you’re likely to find that the keys on a netbook’s keyboard are closer together. Some netbook manufacturers make very good use of the limited space available, though, fitting the keyboard across the entire surface of the netbook’s chassis. Some keys may also have moved in order to fit everything into the netbook, while others may have been reduced in size – the cursor keys and the right-shift key tend are more likely than others to have received this treatment on a netbook.

As the keyboard is built into the body of the netbook, you’ll find that it’s not as comfortable to use as desktop keyboards. It’s a good idea to try out a netbook’s keyboard before you buy, to ensure you get one you're comfortable with.

Ports and sockets

Netbooks come with USB ports so that you can add peripheral devices. Pay attention to where these ports are placed on the side of the netbook. If you have a bulky USB device (such as a chunky USB key), make sure there’s sufficient room between the sockets, so that plugging your device into the netbook doesn’t obscure the adjacent port. 

The range of other connections you'll find tend to be fairly basic compared to a laptop but look out for USB 3.0 ports, rather than the slower USB 2.0 standards and HDMI outputs for hooking your netbook up to a larger screen, which you'll find on some netbooks. 

Storage space

The HDD (hard disk drive) provides long-term memory for data storage – measured in gigabytes (GB). We recommend getting a minimum of 160GB hard disk space, as storing video or high high-resolution photos, music and software uses up lots of space. If in doubt, go for more hard drive space if you can afford it - many netbooks offer 250GB. 

If you need extra storage space, an external hard drive may be the answer or you could consider using online or cloud storage options. 

Display

Unsurprisingly the screen size has a direct impact on the size of the netbook itself. The most common size is 10.1-inches. If you find reflections a pain and are planning to use your netbook out and about, or in a bright setting, look out for a matte screen. This option is more common on netbooks than laptops.

Touchpad

Like laptops netbooks come with a touchpad or trackpad rather than a mouse. Typically, one or two clickable buttons beneath or beside the touchpad act like mouse buttons.

A touchpad is more fiddly to use than a mouse, and netbooks’ touchpads are particularly small, but it’s possible to attach a mouse instead if you prefer. You’ll need a USB port available for this, though.

Graphics

Netbooks are built for everyday tasks rather than power-hungry ones, so they’re unsuitable for serious gaming so don’t expect to find top-notch graphics in your netbook. Netbooks come with integrated graphics which operate using a chunk of the netbook’s memory (Ram), and are fine if you’re just planning to do basic, everyday tasks