Explain the features of Object
Oriented programming languages. How is object oriented programming different
than that of procedural programming
Ans
Some key features of the Object Oriented programming are:
·
Emphasis on data rather than procedure
·
Programs are divided into entities known as
objects
·
Data Structures are designed such that they
characterize objects
·
Functions that operate on data of an object are
tied together in data structures
·
Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by
external functions
·
Objects communicate with each other through
functions
·
New data and functions can be easily added
whenever necessary
·
Follows bottom up design in program design
The key feature is abstraction: you concentrate in
identifying the 'objects' that act in your business model, and the relations
among objects.
Each object maintains its internal state exposing the
'methods' (actions) that you can call to change the state of the object.
The object itself can relate to other objects just
calling the methods the provide the actions needed.
So you can implement a 'car' without the need to
understand its internals: you can just 'ask' the car to start (e.g.
car->start ()).
Another key feature is inheritance: you can abstract
common features and behaviours into more generic objects, from which more
detailed objects derive their characteristics.
For example, you can define the concept of 'vehicle' with
some common methods (start, stop, ...), and derive from it the car, the bike,
the truck, etc.
There is more to say, but this is a top level view of the
approach to OO programming.
Procedural vs Object Oriented Programming
Procedural programming creates a step by step program
that guides the application through a sequence of instructions. Each
instruction is executed in order. Procedural programming also focuses on the
idea that all algorithms are executed with functions and data that the
programmer has access to and is able to change. Object-Oriented
programming is much more similar to the way the real world works; it is
analogous to the human brain. Each program is made up of many entities called
objects. Objects become the fundamental units and have behavior, or a specific
purpose, associated with them. Objects cannot directly access another object’s
data. Instead, a message must be sent requesting the data, just like people
must ask one another for information; we cannot see inside each other’s
heads. Benefits of Object-Oriented programming include:
·
ability to simulate real-world event much more
effectively
·
code is reusable thus less code may have to be
written
·
data becomes active
·
better able to create GUI (graphical user
interface) applications
·
programmers are able to reach their goals faster
·
Programmers are able to produce faster, more
accurate and better-written applications (in the case of a veteran programmer,
by a factor of as much as 20 times compared with a procedural program).
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color:windowtext'>features of the MICR
The MICR driver provides additional security to the end user
if they require it. The printer's firmware has MICR security and related MICR
features. The driver has MICR related security feature selections. The
following are the main features of the driver:
- The
driver is a variant of the standard PCL driver. It has all the features of
the standard PCL driver, plus the MICR features.
- The
driver installation is independent from the standard PCL driver, and will
not interfere with the installation of the standard PCL driver.
- During
installation, the printer will show: "TallyGenicom 9035 MICR
(PCL)"
- At
print time, the driver will query the printer to see if a MICR Toner
Cartridge is installed:
- If
no MICR Toner Cartridge is installed, the printer will print without MICR
resource usage (MICR tab does not appear).
- If
the MICR Toner Cartridge is installed, the dialog box will prompt the
user for a password (MICR tab will appear). A valid password allows the
user to print with access to MICR resources.
- The
driver will then query the printer to see if a valid password has been
entered.
- If
the password is invalid, it will ask the user again for valid password.
If it is still invalid, the user can only print in standard mode.
- Use
of the MICR driver requires the use of the MICR fonts resident in the
printer.
- The
driver is compatible with Windows XP and Windows 2000
features of the Net book
Processor
The processor is the main brain of your netbook and performs
all the calculations your netbook makes every second. The ones used in netbooks
are usually designed specifically for mobile devices, aiming to give you more
computing power while using less battery power.
Many netbooks use Intel's Atom chips or AMD's C-Series but
whatever the exact version you'll normally find a dual-core processor designed
for use in netbooks. Though they are perfectly capable of powering your netbook
you won't find more powerful quad-core processors here.
Memory (Ram)
Ram (random access memory) is your laptop's short-term
memory. It's used to store information while you're using the laptop (the hard
drive is used for long-term file storage). Consequently, the amount of Ram your
laptop has determines how many different tasks it can accomplish
simultaneously.
Netbooks come with less Ram than you'll find on even a cheap
laptop. Aim for 2GB if you can, though some models only come with 1GB.
Battery life
You're likely to have bought a netbook to be able to use it
on the move so battery life is important. Netbook batteries are lasting longer,
and you can expect the best of them to last around six to eight hours. Using
the netbook's wireless connection will drain the battery more quickly than
day-to-day office tasks.
If battery life is particularly important to you, check
whether the netbook manufacturer offers a long-life battery for your chosen
model.
Keyboard
Unsurprisingly, a netbook’s keyboard is even smaller than the
ones that come with a laptop. And, of course, the smaller the netbook, the
smaller the keyboard.
Because of the limited amount of space available on a
netbook, you’re likely to find that the keys on a netbook’s keyboard are closer
together. Some netbook manufacturers make very good use of the limited
space available, though, fitting the keyboard across the entire surface of the
netbook’s chassis. Some keys may also have moved in order to fit everything
into the netbook, while others may have been reduced in size – the cursor keys
and the right-shift key tend are more likely than others to have received this
treatment on a netbook.
As the keyboard is built into the body of the netbook, you’ll
find that it’s not as comfortable to use as desktop keyboards. It’s a good idea
to try out a netbook’s keyboard before you buy, to ensure you get one you're
comfortable with.
Ports and sockets
Netbooks come with USB ports so that you can add peripheral
devices. Pay attention to where these ports are placed on the side of the
netbook. If you have a bulky USB device (such as a chunky USB key), make
sure there’s sufficient room between the sockets, so that plugging your device
into the netbook doesn’t obscure the adjacent port.
The range of other connections you'll find tend to be fairly
basic compared to a laptop but look out for USB 3.0 ports, rather than the
slower USB 2.0 standards and HDMI outputs for hooking your netbook up to a
larger screen, which you'll find on some netbooks.
Storage space
The HDD (hard disk drive) provides long-term memory for data
storage – measured in gigabytes (GB). We recommend getting a minimum of 160GB
hard disk space, as storing video or high high-resolution photos, music and
software uses up lots of space. If in doubt, go for more hard drive space if
you can afford it - many netbooks offer 250GB.
If you need extra storage space, an external hard drive may
be the answer or you could consider using online or cloud storage
options.
Display
Unsurprisingly the screen size has a direct impact on the
size of the netbook itself. The most common size is 10.1-inches. If you find
reflections a pain and are planning to use your netbook out and about, or in a
bright setting, look out for a matte screen. This option is more common on
netbooks than laptops.
Touchpad
Like laptops netbooks come with a touchpad or trackpad rather
than a mouse. Typically, one or two clickable buttons beneath or beside
the touchpad act like mouse buttons.
A touchpad is more fiddly to use than a mouse, and netbooks’
touchpads are particularly small, but it’s possible to attach a mouse instead
if you prefer. You’ll need a USB port available for this, though.
Graphics
Netbooks are built for everyday tasks rather than
power-hungry ones, so they’re unsuitable for serious gaming so don’t expect to
find top-notch graphics in your netbook. Netbooks come with integrated
graphics which operate using a chunk of the netbook’s memory (Ram), and are
fine if you’re just planning to do basic, everyday tasks
