Question. 4)What are the different phases of
traditional system life cycle? In which phase of system life cycle the
following are performed? Defining the problem, identifying its causes,
specifying the solution, and identifying the information requirements.
Ans :
The SDLC process was designed to ensure end-state solutions
meet user requirements in support of business strategic goals and objectives.
In addition, the SDLC also provides a detailed guide to help Program Managers
with ALL aspects of IT system development, regardless of the system size and
scope. The SDLC contains a comprehensive checklist of the rules and regulations
governing IT systems, and is one way to ensure system developers comply with
all applicable Government regulations, because the consequences of not doing so
are high and wide ranging. This is especially true in the post 9/11 environment
where larger amounts of information are considered sensitive in nature, and are
shared among commercial, international, Federal, state, and local partners.
The seven-step process contains a procedural checklist and
the systematic progression required to evolve an IT system from conception to
disposition. The following descriptions briefly explain each of the seven
phases of the SDLC:
1. Conceptual Planning. This phase is the first step of any
system's life cycle. It is during this phase that a need to acquire or
significantly enhance a system is identified, its feasibility and costs are
assessed, and the risks and various project-planning approaches are defined.
Roles and responsibilities for the Asset Manager, Sponsor's Representative,
System Development Agent (SDA), System Support Agent (SSA), and other parties
in SDLC policy are designated during this stage and updated throughout the
system's life cycle.
2. Planning and Requirements Definition. This phase begins
after the project has been defined and appropriate resources have been
committed. The first portion of this phase involves collecting, defining and
validating functional, support and training requirements. The second part is
developing initial life cycle management plans, including project planning,
project management, Configuration Management (CM), support, operations, and
training management.
3. Design. During this phase, functional, support and
training requirements are translated into preliminary and detailed designs.
Decisions are made to address how the system will meet functional requirements.
A preliminary (general) system design, emphasizing the functional features of
the system, is produced as a high-level guide. Then a final (detailed) system
design is produced that expands the design by specifying all the technical
detail needed to develop the system.
4. Development and Testing. During this phase, systems are
developed or acquired based on detailed design specifications. The system is
validated through a sequence of unit, integration, performance, system, and
acceptance testing. The objective is to ensure that the system functions as
expected and that sponsor's requirements are satisfied. All system components,
communications, applications, procedures, and associated documentation are
eveloped/acquired, tested, and integrated. This phase requires strong user
participation in order to verify thorough testing of all requirements and to
meet all business needs.
5. Implementation. During this phase, the new or enhanced
system is installed in the production environment, users are trained, data is
converted (as needed), the system is turned over to the sponsor, and business
processes are evaluated. This phase includes efforts required to implement,
resolve system problems identified during the implementation process, and plan
for sustainment.
6. Operations and Maintenance. The system becomes
operational during this phase. The emphasis during this phase is to ensure that
sponsor needs continue to be met and that the system continues to perform
according to specifications. Routine hardware and software maintenance and
upgrades are performed to ensure effective system operations. User training
continues during this phase, as needed, to acquaint new users to the system or
to introduce new features to current users. Additional user support is
provided, as an ongoing activity, to help resolve reported problems.
7. Disposition. This phase represents the end of the
system's life cycle. It provides for the systematic termination of a system to
ensure that vital information is preserved for potential future access and/or
reactivation. The system, when placed in the Disposition Phase, has been
declared surplus and/or obsolete and has been scheduled for shutdown. The
emphasis of this phase is to ensure that the system (e.g., equipment, parts,
software, data, procedures, and documentation) is packaged and disposed of in
accordance with appropriate regulations and requirements.
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